JPA makes database access simple. It also makes it dangerously easy to write code that fires 100 SQL queries to load 10 records. The N+1 problem alone has caused more production performance incidents than almost any other JPA issue. This guide covers how to find and fix the five most common JPA performance problems: N+1 queries, LazyInitializationException, over-fetching, poor connection pool sizing, and Hibernate 6 breaking changes. Enable SQL Logging First Before optimizing anything, see exactly what queries are firing: